RNT Archives

Chemical Exposures

Exposure to toxic chemicals has become common place, yet the study of both chemicals and toxicity has tended to remain at the margins of the social sciences. This volume addresses the entangled landscape of toxic chemicals in the Anthropocene, drawing together research by anthropologists, geographers, artists, and scholars in science and technology studies. The contributors understand chemical pollution as not simply pervasive, but multiple, situated and unequal, profoundly relational and affective, traversing temporal and spatial scales as it continuously disrupts and reconfigures the relations between the geological and the human, the political and the material, and between the social and natural sciences and humanities. Chemical Exposures explores the accumulation of toxic substances, the multiple scales of exposure, and the diverse ways in which exposure can be both sensed and visualised.

City-Heat

Heat has become the metaphor of choice through which politics, philosophy and science speak about the current polycrisis. Heat, in these instances, is primarily translated into temperature metrics such as thresholds and tipping points that feed predictions regarding the planet’s future. Yet, conceiving of heat in degrees flattens the complexity of lived experience and obscures the different ways in which communities respond to a hotter world.

City-Heat breaks with temperature-based understandings of heat and delves into a richer, more emic exploration of its socio-cultural and sensory dimensions. The chapters cover a range of topics explored through interactions with a diverse group of interlocutors, spanning from the daily struggles of hustling youths to the work of geothermal engineers, spiritual warfare, pervasive issues of toxicity and pollution confronted by herbalists, and the medicinal practices to which the interlocutors turned in their efforts to forge more viable pathways into the future.

Through these ethnographic terrains, the book traces how the interlocutors sense, and make sense of, what remains viable under hotter conditions across socio-cultural, infrastructural, spiritual, metabolic and moral registers. Nick Rahier argues that these hotter conditions give rise to new forms of thermal consciousness that shape how people move, work, relate and sustain the very possibility of ‘cooler’ horizons.

The Glades of Embobut

The Embobut Forest, western Kenya, is beset by a series of pernicious challenges. Degraded forest ecosystems, biodiversity loss, violent evictions, population growth and the adverse impacts of climate change all underwrite a persistent sense of regional crisis and failed prosperity. Conservationists blame local populations for forest destruction, while community activists emphasise experiences of livelihood loss and marginalisation produced through the imposition of unjust conservation boundaries. Proposed solutions are equally contested. Calls to restore the forest to an imagined natural state devoid of human presence sit in tension with activist efforts to revive idealised Indigenous lifeways grounded in environmental stewardship.

The Glades of Embobut challenges these narratives by situating Embobut as a landscape in constant transformation, shaped through ongoing efforts by communities and policy makers to rework ecological, economic and political relationships in pursuit of regional prosperity. It demonstrates how existing forms of socioecological wellbeing emerge primarily from local knowledge and everyday practice rather than externally conceived development models, and how these processes unfold without fixed end points. Any imagining of forest futures must therefore accommodate the open-ended nature of daily life, where new social and ecological relationships emerge in ways that diverge from the idealised forest environments envisioned by both conservationist and activist thinking.

Obstacles to Environmental Progress

Why, when so many people understand the severity of environmental problems, is progress so slow and sustainability such a distant goal? What gets in the way? Perhaps you have immediately thought of several barriers. In Obstacles to Environmental Progress, Peter Schulze identifies 18 practical obstacles that routinely and predictably hinder U.S. progress on existing environmental problems. The obstacles apply to problems small and large and, in most cases, regardless of whether an issue is controversial. Though the book focuses on the U.S., most of the obstacles pertain elsewhere as well.

The obstacles fall into three categories: challenges to anticipating, detecting, and understanding problems; political and economic factors that interfere with responding; and obstacles to effective responses. While all the obstacles are predictable and common, they have not been systematically studied as related phenomena, perhaps because they span a wide range of academic disciplines.

In practice, they often arise as surprises that are then addressed in an ad hoc manner. Might they be better understood and thus more readily anticipated and overcome or avoided?

The book seeks to hasten environmental progress by forewarning and thus forearming those who are striving or will soon be striving for environmental progress, and by drawing scholarly attention to the obstacles as a set of related phenomena to systematically understand and more quickly overcome.

Environment and Post-Soviet Transformation in Kazakhstan’s Aral Sea Region

The Aral Sea is well known for its devastating regression over the second half of the twentieth century, and for its recent partial restoration. Environment and Post-Soviet Transformation in Kazakhstan’s Aral Sea Region is the first book to explore what these monumental changes have meant to those living on the sea’s shores.
Following the fluctuating fortunes of the pre-Soviet, Soviet and post-Soviet fisheries, the book shows how the vast environmental changes the region has undergone cannot be disentangled from the transformations of Soviet socialism and postsocialism. This ethnographic perspective prompts a critical rethinking of the category of environmental disaster through which the region is predominantly known. Tracing how the sea’s retreat and partial return have been apprehended by diverse local actors in the former port of Aral’sk and surrounding fishing villages, as well as by scientists, bureaucrats and international development workers, William Wheeler draws out the multiple meanings environmental change acquires within different contexts. This study of how people make their lives amidst overlapping ecological and political-economic upheavals is rich in ethnographic detail that is both rooted in Soviet legacies and alive to the new transnational connections that are reshaping the region.
Offering a rigorous political ecology of Soviet socialism and after, the book is a major contribution to the nascent environmental anthropology of Central Asia. It will be of interest to environmental anthropologists, environmental historians, and scholars of all disciplines working on Central Asia and the former USSR.